Philosophy 244/244W/444

Philosophy of Mind

Fall 2006

Citations

You must provide a full bibliographical citation for any work whose ideas you discuss, criticize, or use, including any work that I have asked you to critically evaluate. I prefer that you not use any sources other than your target text and your lecture notes. But if you do use other sources, you must use proper citation techniques.

When Citations Are Required

You must cite a source in all of the following cases.

0.         You present and critically evaluate an author’s work.

1.         Direct quotation: if you use an author’s own words, you must enclose those words in quotation marks and give a precise citation, with page number, immediately before or after the quotation. (Generally, it is better to avoid direct quotation. In particular, do not insert quotations into a numbered premise and conclusion argument that you extract from an author’s text. Use your own words.)

2.          Paraphrases (restatements of an author’s idea using your own words): give a precise citation, with page number, immediately before or after the paraphrase.

3.        Any time that you present an idea that is not original with you (even if this presentation is neither a direct quotation nor a paraphrase).

4.         Any time that you present a theory or (alleged) fact that is not widely known (for example, a scientific theory or experimental result).

When in doubt, cite. If you have any questions about whether a citation is necessary, please ask. The following website contains information about how to avoid plagiarism, including useful examples: http://gervaseprograms.georgetown.edu/hc/plagiarism.html#Citation

Citation Conventions

Here are two common citation conventions. You may adopt either one.

Method 1

You can adopt the (name, date, page number) convention that is commonly used by the American Psychological Association. See Ned Block’s article “Troubles With Functionalism” (in the Chalmers anthology, pp. 94-98) for a model of this method. On this convention, the name, date, and page number are given in the main text in parentheses. A full bibliographical reference is given at the end of the paper. For example, you could write the following.

Kim (2006, p. 48) argues that substance dualism is false. Other philosophers maintain that physicalism is false (Jackson 1982, p. 127).

In a section labeled “Bibliography” at the end of your paper, you would have the following.

Kim, Jaegwon. 2006. Philosophy of Mind, 2nd edition. Westview Press: Boulder, CO.

Jackson, Frank. 1982. “Epiphenomenal Qualia.” Philosophical Quarterly, 32, pp. 127-136.

Method 2

You can place a footnote (or endnote) number at every place in the text where you make use of an author’s idea. See J.J.C. Smart’s “Sensations and Brain Processes (p. 60-68 in Chalmers) for a model. For instance:

Kim argues that dualism is false.¹ Other philosophers maintain that physicalism is false.²

At the bottom of that same page you would have footnotes, or at the end of the paper you would have endnotes, that look as follows.

¹Jaegwon Kim, 2006, Philosophy of Mind 2^nd ed., Westview Press: Boulder, CO, p. 4.

²Frank Jackson, 1982, “Epiphenomenal Qualia,” Philosophical Quarterly, 32, pp. 127-136.

If you cite a single article or book more than once, you will need to use terms like op. cit. or ibid. See Smart again for examples.

Citation of Class Lectures

I do not require you to present citations for material that you take from my class lectures. But feel free to do so, if you wish.

Citation of Material Retrieved from the Web

You must provide citations for material that you use from the Web. Citations of articles that do not appear in print or electronic journals should have the following form (either in a note or bibliography).

Author. Date of retrieval (or date of composition, if available). Title. Retrieved on <date> from <source: include both descriptive information of the source and a URL>.

For example,

Chalmers, David. 2003. “The Representational Character of Experience.” Retrieved July 30, 2003 from University of Arizona, David Chalmers’s Web site: http://www.u.arizona.edu/~chalmers/papers/representation.html

Many papers or articles on the web have appeared in standard print journals. In these cases, you should both cite the print version and give retrieval information.

Braun, David. 1998. “Understanding Belief Reports.” Philosophical Review 107, pp. 555-595. Electronic Version. Retrieved July 30, 2005 from University of Rochester, David Braun’s Web site: http://www.ling.rochester.edu/~braun/Papers/belief.htm

For guidance about how to cite various other types of Web sources, see the following sites.

            http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

            http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/

Frequent Citations of a Single Work

In the papers you write for this course, you will often need to cite a “target text” frequently. To do this, you may (1) place a full citation to the work in your paper, using one of the above methods and (2) then adopt the convention of referring to the article or book by page number alone, after telling me that you are doing so. For example, you can write

Block maintains that qualitative states are not functional states. (See Block 1993, p. 222; all further references to this article are by parenthetical page number alone.)

Or you could notify me that you are doing this in a note. However, your paper must still contain a full citation somewhere, using one of the above methods.

Questions?

If you have any questions about citations, please talk with me.