Jung also held that each type had an auxiliary function, as well as the dominant function. For the sake of balance, the auxiliary for a psychologically healthy individual was a perceiving function if the dominant was a judging function and a judging function if the dominant was a perceiving function. Furthermore, a person would use the auxiliary in the opposite way as the dominant function. Extraverts would rely on the auxiliary for introverting, and introverts would rely on it for extraverting.
The introduction of the auxiliary split each of Jung's types into two, effectively giving us Myers-Briggs' sixteen psychological types. For example, Introverted Thinkers would be divided into Introverted Thinkers with Intuition as an auxiliary and Introverted Thinkers with Sensing as an auxiliary. The Myers-Briggs types are based on four sets of opposing preferences. These are extraversion vs. introversion (E vs. I), intuition vs. sensing (N vs. S), thinking vs. feeling (T vs. F), and perceiving vs. judging (P vs. J). The preference for extraversion or introversion indicates the way in which a person uses his dominant function. The preference for perceiving or judging indicates which function (the dominant or the auxiliary) the person relies on for extraverting. As I already indicated, the dominant and the auxiliary together include both a perceiving function and a judging function. P's rely on the perceiving function for extraverting, and J's rely on the judging function for extraverting. The preference for thinking or feeling indicates the preferred judging function, and the preference for sensing or intuition indicates the preferred perceiving function.
Using this information, we can determine the Jungian type that corresponds to each Myers-Briggs type. Take, for instance, my type: INTP. The "I" indicates that I use my dominant function for introverting. The "P" indicates that I rely on my preferred perceiving function for extraverting. Since I am an introvert, this means that I rely on my preferred judging function for introverting. In other words, my dominant function is my preferred judging function. Since this is thinking, that means I am an Introverted Thinker. My auxiliary is my preferred perceiving function, and that is intuition. Therefore, an INTP is an Introverted Thinker with Intuition as an auxiliary. Each Myers-Briggs type can be translated into its corresponding Jungian type in like manner. Here is a table of what each type corresponds to:
The advantage of the Life Pattern model is that it gives us more tools for understanding each type. Instead of telling us how each type uses two of Jung's functions, it tells us how each type uses all four of Jung's functions. In effect, it gives us a blueprint for understanding the core personality of each type. This blueprint describes the preferential hierarchy among Jung's four functions for each type, and it describes the way in which each type uses each of the four functions.
First, there are eight different hierarchies among the sixteen types. Using a form of abbreviation in which the leftmost letter represents the dominant function, these are TNSF for INTPs and ENTJs, TSNF for ISTPs and ESTJs, FNST for INFPs and ENFJs, FSNT for ISFPs and ESFJs, NTFS for INTJs and ENTPs, NFTS for INFJs and ENFPs, STFN for ISTJs and ESTPs, and SFTN for ISFJs and ESFPs.
Second, the Life Pattern model characterizes each type by how it uses the four functions. Extraverts use the dominant and tertiary functions for extraverting, and the other two functions for introverting. Introverts use the dominant and tertiary functions for introverting, and the other two for extraverting. Given the eight possible hierarchies of preference, this gives us four different ways in which the 16 types use the four functions. I call these four different ways directional patterns, for they indicate the direction (outward or inward) in which each function is used. Using a form of abbreviation in which "I" and "E" indicate the direction in which a function is used, these are IT-EF-IN-ES for ISTPs, ENFJs, INFJs, and ESTPs, ET-IF-IN-ES for INTJs, ESFPs, ISFPs, and ENTJs, IT-EF-EN-IS for INTPs, ESFJs, ISFJs, and ENTPs, and ET-IF-EN-IS for INFPs, ESTJs, ISTJs, and ENFPs.
One interesting consequence of this model is that it gives us three different ways of understanding how someone's type can be the opposite of someone else's. I call these hierarchical, directional, and diametrical opposites. Hierarchical opposites have opposite hierarchies but the same directional patterns. Hierarchical opposites never have any letters in common in their abbreviations. Directional opposites have the same directional patterns but opposite hierarchies. These always have the inner two letters the same and the outer two different. And diametrical opposites have both opposite hierarchies and opposite directional patterns. These have the outer two letters the same and the inner two different.
Here is a chart that describes the directional hierarchy of each type. The functions appear left to right from dominant to inferior. "I" indicates that the function is used for introverting, and "E" indicates that the function is used for extraverting.
Furthermore, because the DDLI is in testing, the questions are bound to sometimes change at a moment's notice. It is easier to propagate these changes if the DDLI remains solely in electronic format.
Also, the tallying of the scores requires many tedious calculations that are better left to a computer. These calculations go well beyond mere counting, which is all that the KBTS requires. It involves addition, and it involves algorithmic decision procedures that are best done by someone who understands the intricacies of the life pattern model or by someone who can follow instructions to the letter. With the computer version, you get to see your results immediately. With a paper version, you would spend time doing calculations that some people might find too difficult.
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Sensing vs. iNtuition
Thinking vs. Feeling
Judging vs. Perceiving
I have capitalized the letter in each preference that represents it in the type name. With the exception of intuition, each preference is represented by the first letter in its name. Intuition is represented by the letter "N" because introversion has already taken the letter "I".
The MBTI was the creation of Isabel Myers, who devised with her mother, Katherine Briggs, a personality type system based on Carl Jung's psychological types.
QUESTION:
How could someone's J/P type be determined by what they use for extraverting?
ANSWER:
It's not that your J/P type is determined by what you use for extraverting. Nor is it that what you use for extraverting determines your J/P type. Rather, both are ways of identifying aspects of a single pattern, and knowledge of either can be used to reveal knowledge of the other. IOW, "because" doesn't signify any causal relation. But it does signify a logical relation. To be a P is to prefer a perceiving function for extraverting. That is an analytic statement. It simply indicates what "P" means.
When Jung wrote about psychological types, he wrote about a preference for extraversion or introversion, for sensing or intuition, and for feeling or thinking, but he did not write about a preference for judging or perceiving. Jung identified eight different functions and divided people into eight different types depending upon which function was dominant. These eight functions were extraverted and introverted versions of thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuition. Jung further split these eight types into sixteen by taking into account auxiliary functions.
According to Jung, anyone whose dominant function was introverted would have an extraverted auxiliary function, and anyone whose dominant function was extraverted would have an introverted auxiliary function. He also distinguished between judging functions (thinking, feeling) and perceiving functions (sensing, intuition), and he held that the auxiliary was a perceiving function when the dominant was a judging function, and that it was a judging function otherwise. These two restrictions limited the number of possible auxiliaries for each type to two rather than seven. This is what accounts for the total of sixteen types.
Myers and Briggs, for whatever reason, wanted to represent each of Jung's sixteen types by four-letter abbreviations. If they just stuck to the three sets of preferences that Jung wrote about, they would have eight types, and these types would not correspond to Jung's eight basic types. This is because an abbreviation such as INF would not tell whether someone was an introverted intuitive with feeling as an auxiliary or an introverted feeler with intuition as an auxiliary.
In order to make distinctions such as this, they added the J/P preference. This preference indicates whether the function you prefer to extravert with is a judging function or a perceiving function. This is the dominant function for extraverts and the auxiliary function for introverts. Thus, the dominant function for an EP is a perceiving function, and the dominant function for an EJ is a judging function. For introverts, this is reversed. The dominant function for an IP is a judging function, and the dominant function for an IJ is a perceiving function.
QUESTION:
I thought the I/E scale and the J/P scale were independent.
ANSWER:
They are independent insofar as what you are on one scale does not strictly determine what you are on the other. But when you include other information, such as whether a person is rational or a-rational, knowledge of one of these preferences will tell you what the other is. For example, all rational P's are I's.
QUESTION:
You said "Thinking, Feeling, iNtuition, and Sensing are the four functions. These can be introverted and extraverted." Does this meaning of "introverted" and "extraverted" have anything to do with the I/E scale?
ANSWER:
Yes. The I/E scale indicates whether your dominant function is introverted or extraverted. It is extraverted for E's and introverted for I's. It also indicates the same sort of thing for the other functions. The auxiliary function and the fourth function are introverted for E's and extraverted for I's. The tertiary function is extraverted for E's and introverted for I's.
QUESTION:
It seems not, since the I/E scale is about where a person gets their energy.
ANSWER:
That is just another way of understanding the I/E dichotomy. It is useful as far as it goes. But it does not help us translate between Jung's psychological types and the types of the MBTI. For Jung, an introvert is someone whose dominant function is introverted, and an extravert is someone whose dominant function is extraverted. These are the analytic definitions for what introverts and extraverts are. To say that this scale also corresponds to where a person gets her energy is to make an empirical statement.
QUESTION:
How are Life Patterns related to the types of the Enneagram?
ANSWER:
I have seen Jungian types and/or the MBTI mentioned in various books on the Enneagram. In Personality Types, Don Richard Riso claims there is a near one-to-one correlation between Jungian types and Enneagram types. In The Enneagram, Helen Palmer shares corelations between the MBTI and the Cohen-Palmer Enneagram Inventory (CPEI). In The Enneagram Made Easy, Renee Baron and Elizabeth Wagele claim that there are correlations between the Enneagram and the MBTI preferences, but they also seem to believe that a person of any MBTI type could be any Enneagram type and vice versa.
Here is a table of the different answers found in these three books.
| Enneagram Type | Riso | Palmer | Baron & Wagele |
| One | Extraverted Thinking | Judging | Judging |
| Two | Extraverted Feeling | Extraversion, Feeling | Feeling, Extraversion |
| Three | No Jungian Type | Extraversion, Sensing, Judging | Extraversion, Judging |
| Four | Introverted Intuition | Intuition, Feeling, Perceiving | Introversion, Feeling |
| Five | Introverted Thinking | Introversion, Thinking | Introversion, Thinking |
| Six | Introverted Feeling | Introversion | Every MBTI type |
| Seven | Extraverted Sensing | Extraversion, Intuition | Extraversion, Perceiving |
| Eight | Extaverted Intuition | Extraversion, Intuition, Thinking, Perceiving | Extraversion, Thinking |
| Nine | Introverted Sensing | Intuition, Perceiving | Introversion, Perceiving |
Riso states that there is at least a rough one-to-one correlation between Jungian types and all Enneagram types except #3. He does not assert that there is a strict one-to-one correspondance between them, and he does not provide the evidence for this stronger assertion. The only source he cites is Jung's book Psychological Types. Palmer's data suggests that there isn't a one-to-one correspondance between MBTI types and the Enneagram, and Baron and Wagele's claims also support this idea.
In summary, I believe that certain Life Patterns will correlate positively with certain Enneagram types, but I do not believe there will be a one-to-one correlation between any Enneagram type and any Life Pattern. I believe that Life Patterns and the Enneagram isolate different aspects of personality, such that you can gain a richer understanding of yourself by knowing both your Life Pattern and your Enneagram type.
What preferences do the supplementary questions measure?
ANSWER:
There are five other sets of preferences, and these five collapse into three. They are:
Extraverted Thinking vs. Introverted Thinking
Extraverted Feeling vs. Introverted Feeling
Extraverted Sensing vs. Introverted Sensing
Extraverted Intuition vs. Introverted Intuition
Rationality vs. A-rationality
These are not additional preferences that allow us to expand the number of types we have. Rather, they correlate with the four basic types measured by the MBTI. Here are the correlations:
TJs and FPs prefer extraverted thinking and introverted feeling.
TPs and FJs prefer introverted thinking and extraverted feeling.
SJs and NPs prefer introverted sensing and extraverted intuition.
SPs and NJs prefer extraverted sensing and introverted intuition.
EJs and IPs prefer rationality.
EPs and IJs prefer a-rationality.
As you may notice, the thinking and feeling preferences collapse together, as do the sensing and intuition preferences. So here is what the DDLI measures for in addition to what the MBTI measures for:
Extraverted Thinking and Introverted Feeling vs. Introverted Thinking and Extraverted Feeling
Extraverted Sensing and Introverted Intuition vs. Introverted Sensing and Extraverted Intuition.
Rationality vs. A-rationality.
In short, the supplementary questions are supposed to result in two opposite types for everyone.
Bear in mind that I cannot use your raw scores unless they include your type. If you don't know your type when the raw scores file is created, please figure out what your type is before you send me your raw scores. Please also bear in mind that you can corrupt my data if you send me your scores and tell me that you're a type you're actually not. So please be sure of what your type is if you send me your scores. Don't just trust the DDLI to tell you what it is. Check up on what the DDLI tells you.
My purpose behind collecting the raw scores is to find out which questions accurately measure what they are supposed to measure, so as to weed out those that don't work well. If you don't include your type with your raw scores, I cannot use your raw scores to tell whether the questions accurately indicated your type.
You can send your scores to duniho@philosophy.rochester.edu on the Internet. Do not send them via the Fidonet. I no longer use Fidonet at all.
I have also put it on the Aminet in the misc/misc/ directory. A couple Aminet sites include ftp.wustl.edu and ftp.netnet.net. If you're reading this from the WWW, you can get it with one of the links below. Choose one near you.
You might also find it on some SimTel sites. The SimTel Software Repository is mirrored in various sites throughout the world. A couple sites that mirror it are oak.oakland.edu and ftp.wustl.edu. I put it in the /educatin/ directory. If you're reading this from the WWW, you can get it with one of the links below. Choose one close to you.
If you have a general question about the DDLI, ask Fergus Duniho.
If you have any questions about Life Patterns, ask Terence Duniho.
If you have a question on the type descriptions, ask its author:
Joe Butt, Brian Yamachi, or Marina Margaret
Heiss.
If you have a question on the Personality Type Summary, ask Jon Noring.
If you have a specific question about the Macintosh version, ask Franklin Chen.
If you have a specific question about the Acorn version, ask Tim Birks.
The XDME Excelsior Suite - XES.lha
AlphaSpell V, a spelling checker.
Fergus Duniho / duniho@philosophy.rochester.edu